If you haven’t flown recently, you may not realize that the world of travel isn’t what it used to be. Stricter security rules, increased fees, scaled-back services--it’s all part of heightened airport security and airline frugality.

Airlines have increased fees for paper tickets and extra luggage (you’ll pay at least $40 for that third checked bag); imposed heavy restrictions on nonrefundable tickets; eliminated senior discounts; increased fares for children flying without an adult; and, on most domestic flights, eliminated hot meals.

Here are some pointers to help you through the maze:

Get acquainted with e-tickets.
In an effort to slow skyrocketing operational costs, many airlines, will stop issuing paper tickets in the U.S. entirely in the coming months.

Use rapid check-in technology.
Some airlines have nationwide kiosks that allow passengers to check-in with their credit card.

Print your own boarding pass.
If your airline has the technology, you can save time by printing your own boarding pass from your computer before you leave home or when you get to the airport. Visit your airline’s Web site for more information.

Use your credit card.
If you dispute a fee or fare charged by the airline, you have consumer protection when you use your credit card. You do not have the same protection with debit cards. Avoid buying your airline ticket with cash or check.

Confirm your reservation.
Confirm your flight a few days before departure, and at the same time give the airline more than one contact telephone number.

Understand what "nonrefundable" means.
Typically, you'll have to pay a change fee, which varies by airline and can cost $100, if you don’t use your reservation exactly as ticketed--even if you change the departure time, but not the date. Plus, on most major airlines, you’ll now pay a fee to fly standby. And if you miss your flight because of unforeseen circumstances, you’ll have to buy a brand-new ticket. Avoid surprises by asking questions about your ticket’s restrictions when you book the flight.

Wear, don’t carry, your ID.
Today, due to heightened security measures, you’ll usually have to show these documents at least twice, sometimes more.

Leave excess jewelry at home.
It’s a good idea not to wear a lot of jewelry and draw attention to yourself when you travel. It’s also a strategy for avoiding delays at security checkpoints. Metal in shoes and belts also can trigger security scanners.

Downsize your travel gear. Most airlines charge for any bag weighing more than 50 pounds.

Plan ahead, don’t expect free food.